Summary: Attention is defined as the cognitive process to detect a particular internal or external
stimulus, and maintaining focus are closely related to mood. The orientation of the attention
resource (Attention allocation) is shaped by the mood of the person. Focusing more on negative and
threatening stimuli than neutral and/or positive stimuli in the outside world is called “Attentional
Bias”. This article emphasizes that attentional bias is linked with the level of depressive mood
state, between a low level of depressive mood and a high level of depression. Aim: This research
aimed to examine if there is an attentional bias toward negative stimuli among individuals with
depressive symptoms. Materials and Methods: The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the
Point Locating Task were administered to the participants. The research consists of a sample of 90
undergraduate and graduate students selected by random sampling method. Results: Based on the
research findings, there is a positive and significant relationship between the level of depression
and attentional orientation. The result of the study indicated that there is a significant negative
relationship between depression scores and attentional orientation. When the attentional bias of the
participants was examined according to their depression levels, it was found that the attentional bias
of the participants with moderate depression symptoms was significantly higher than those without
depression symptoms. Conclusion: These results indicated that relationship between attentional bias
and depression level. Further studies are needed to examine depression levels and attentional bias
levels in a larger sample size.

Aim: Some of the systems that use brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) that translate brain activity
patterns into commands for an interactive application make use of samples produced by motor
imagery. This study focuses on processing electroencephalogram (EEG) signals using convolutional
neural network (CNN). It is aimed to analyze EEG signals using Python, convert data to spectrogram,
and classify them with CNN in this article. Materials and Methods: EEG data used were sampled
at a sampling frequency of 128 Hz, in the range of 0.5–50 Hz. The EEG file is processed using
Python programming language. Spectrogram images of the channels were obtained with the Python
YASA library. Results: The success of the CNN model applied to dataset was found to be 89.58%.
Conclusion: EEG signals make it possible to detect diseases using various machine

Introduction: Human‑machine interfaces (HMIs) can improve the quality of life for physically
disabled users. This study proposes a noninvasive BMI design methodology to control a robot
arm using MEG signals acquired during the user's imagined wrist movements in four directions.
Methods: The BMI uses the partial directed coherence measure and a time-varying multivariate
adaptive autoregressive model to extract task-dependent features for mental task discrimination.
An extreme learning machine is used to generate a model with the extracted features, which is
used to control the robot arm for rehabilitation or assistance tasks for motor-impaired individuals.
Results: The classification results show that the proposed BMI methodology is a feasible solution
with good performance and fast learning speed. Discussion: The proposed BMI methodology is a
promising solution for rehabilitation or assistance systems for motor-impaired individuals. The BMI
provides satisfactory classification performance at a fast learning speed.
Keywords: Brain–machine interface, extreme learning machine, functional.

Aim: In real-time control of prosthesis, orthosis, and human–computer interface applications,
the displacement of surface electrodes may cause a total disruption or a decline in the
classification rates. In this study, a constrained independent component analysis (cICA) was
used as an alternative method for addressing the displacement problem of surface electrodes.
Materials and Methods: The study was tested by classifying six‑hand gestures offline and in
real‑time to control a robotic arm. The robotic arm has five degrees of freedom, and it was controlled
using surface electromyography (sEMG) signals. The classification of sEMG signals is realized using
artificial neural networks. cICA algorithm was utilized to improve the performance of classifiers
due to the negative effect of electrode displacement issues. Results: In the study, the classification
results of the cICA applied and unapplied sEMG signals were compared. The results showed that
the proposed method has provided an increase between 4% and 13% in classifications. The average
classification rates for six different hand gestures were calculated as 96.66%. Conclusions: The study
showed that the cICA method enhances classification rates while minimizing the impact of electrode
displacement. The other advantage of the cICA algorithm is dimension reduction, which is important
in real time applications. To observe the performance of the cICA in the real-time application, a
robotic arm was controlled using sEMG signals.

Aim: The framework of this research is to examine the effects of autonomous sensory meridian
responses (ASMRs) sensory/impulse circularity, psychological infrastructure, and the effects of
brand advertisements using this technique on consumer behaviors and physiological outcomes such
as product attitude, purchase intention, advertisement taste, and perceived visual advertisement
esthetics. Materials and Methods: Mixed research method was used in the study, which consisted
of consumers with high depressive mood and anxiety level (experimental group) and consumers with
low depressive mood and anxiety level (control group). Electrodermal activity measurement and
facial reading (facial coding) analysis are two specific neuromarketing research techniques utilized
in this research. In addition, consumer attitude scales and psychological scales were employed.
Results: According to the results obtained from the findings of the study, the physiological and
attitudinal effects of ASMR advertisements do not show significant differences between the
experimental and control groups. This is due to the fact that ASMR varies from person to person
and has an atypical physiological pattern. Conclusion: The fact that ASMR is an ambiguous and
contradictory experience with different physiological profiles due to factors such as causality,
connectivity and relativity is consistent with the findings of this research.

Aim: Attention‑deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, and its etiology
of it has not been fully elucidated yet. We tried to evaluate the familial aspects of anxiety disorders and
ADHD in this study. Materials and Methods: Our study group comprised 128 parents aged between
24 and 60 years (114 mothers and 14 fathers) of 128 children with diagnosis of ADHD (n = 47), anxiety
disorders (n = 30), and ADHD + anxiety disorders (n = 51) who had been evaluated by the department
of child and adolescent psychiatry. Findings of anxiety disorders and ADHD were evaluated in
accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual‑V Criteria. Beck Anxiety Inventory, Wender Utah
Rating Scale (WURS), and Turgay’s Adult Attention‑Deficit Disorder (ADD)/ADHD Diagnosis and
Evaluation Scale were applied to parents. Results: Anxiety levels, WURS, and Turgay’s Adult ADD/
ADHD Diagnosis and Evaluation Scale points did not be differentiated between groups. 16.7% (n = 5)
of ADHD + anxiety, 6.4% of ADHD (n = 3), and 9.8% (n = 5) of anxiety group of parents were
high‑degree ADD/ADHD (+). Conclusion: Our study results show that there are some familial features
of ADHD and anxiety disorders. Considering the relationship between these two disorders during the
psychiatric care of children as well as their parents is deeply important for clinicians.

Introduction: Neurological conditions have a long‑term impact on the individual and their family
and also affect one’s general and mental health. Materials and Methods: This cross‑sectional
study aimed to assess the psychological morbidity among 50 primary caregivers of persons with
a neurological disability and was conducted using a self‑reporting questionnaire. Results: Most
of them were female (64.0%), and predominantly, the caregiver was mother (50.0%). Most of the
caregivers have reported felt nervous, tense, or worried during hospitalization (76.0%); felt unhappy
during caregiving (86.0%); and faced difficulty to enjoy daily activities (74.0%). In addition to that,
(98.0%) caregiver’s have reported that their day to day work suffered, (70.0%) were unable to play a
usual part in life. Conclusion: The study would highlight the need for screening the mental health of
the caregivers of persons with neurological disabilities.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
In a Wistar rat model, we studied Alzheimer‑like symptoms using a high‑fat diet (HFD) and
streptozotocin (STZ) to replicate insulin resistance and the resulting neurobehavioral abnormalities.
Curcumin, a flavonoid in turmeric, was studied for its potential therapeutic effects. Aim: This
study sought to look at the exploratory, discriminatory, and spatial cognitive indices in rats.
Materials and Methods: Thirty‑six male Wistar rats were randomized into six groups and given
the following treatments: olive oil only for control; curcumin only for the curcumin group; HFD
and three doses STZ for the diabetic rats; HFD, three doses STZ, and concurrent treatment with
curcumin for the protective group; pretreatment with curcumin, then HFD and three doses STZ for
a preventive group; and HFD, three doses STZ, and curcumin for a therapeutic group. Subsequently,
line and center line crossing frequency assessed rats’ exploratory activities; rearing frequency data
assessed novel environment behavior. The novel object recognition test and Morris water maze test
assessed discrimination and spatial memory. Data were analyzed using one‑way analysis of variance
and Tukey’s post hoc test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Our findings
revealed that insulin resistance prolonged escape latency of untreated diabetic rats; contrariwise,
curcumin significantly reduced escape latency, increased difference score in novel object
recognition paradigm, and increased explorative activities. Conclusion: Oral curcumin improves
exploratory activity, discriminating memory, and spatial memory in male Wistar rats with AD‑like
neurobehavioral impairments. Patients with neurobehavioral abnormalities and comorbid insulin
resistance may benefit from the flavonoids in curcumin.

Aim: One of the important factors that cause stress today is aimlessness. Determining the meaning
and purposes of life has an impact on both the mental and physical health of the individual. Two
types of values are mentioned as tool values and purpose values. Measuring the life goals to include
these values is seen as important for determining the life goal skills of individuals. Hence, it is aimed
to measure meaning and purpose and to measure perceptions about it. Materials and Methods: This
study aimed to carry out validity and reliability studies of the Uskudar Life Meaning and Goals
Scale (USLIFE). The sample consisted of 1026 people from Turkey. Factor analysis revealed that the
scale consists of seven factors. Results: The first factor “Abstract Meaning Skill” explains 14.59%
of the variance, the second factor “Skill to Delay of Gratification” 10.31% of the variance, the third
factor “Concrete Meaning Skill” 8.97% of the variance, the fourth factor “Internal Control Skill”
5.53% of the variance, the fifth factor “Medium‑ and Long‑Term Planning Skill” 4.60% of the
variance, the sixth factor “Belief in Death” 4.39% of the variance, and the seventh factor “Ego Ideal
Perception” explains 3.87% of the variance. The seven‑factor structure consisting of 28 items in
total explained 52.28%. In addition, seven factors confirmed the USLIFE in the confirmatory factor
analysis. Goodness‑of‑fit values were found to be acceptable. The Cronbach’s alpha value of the
scale was found to be 0.74. Conclusion: A valid and reliable scale, named “USLIFE,” has emerged.
This scale measures people’s life goals skills and is graded in the five‑point Likert type between
“completely agree” and “never agree.”

Abstract
Aim: In this article, it is argued that the elusive mind qualifies as an active agent which works through
the brain rather than the brain creating the subjective mind or acting as the mind itself. Materials and
Methods: This article relies on observation‑based reasoned arguments and thus it is philosophical in
nature. Discussion: We seem to be living in a virtual reality interwoven of subjective experiences of
sights, sounds, tastes, smells, colors, pain, and pleasure, all rendered by the enigmatic mind. The mind
cannot be reduced to physical existence such as the sporadic electrical activity of the brain since no
electrical activity has ever produced such cohesive subjective experience, the same way that the laws
of physics cannot be reduced to matter and energy that comprise the physical existence. Conclusion:
Unlike properties, agencies differ from emergent quantities in that agencies more than passively qualify
matter; they actively control and rule matter. Agencies are characterized by causal power, and thus
the capacity to cause changes. Several agencies can be identified in nature. The agency of physics is
associated with the physical realm and is comprised of the universal laws and forces of physics. Life
qualifies as a purposive agency which is comprised of the laws and influences of life. Even quantum
fields act like virtual mechanisms and thus qualify as active agents associated with the production of
the fundamental particles of physics with a fixed set of properties out of quanta of energy.