Over the years, there has been an increase in research on parkinsonism in basic and translational
neuroscience. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder vehemently
associated with motor function deficits and other unique features collectively called the Parkinsonian
triad, which slightly differs from other movement disorders such as Wilson’s disease, tardive
dyskinesia, chorea, and athetosis. Parkinsonian triad combines three major motor phenotypes of PD
including bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremors. Hence, there is a need to review motor deficits
protocols to create a set of behavioral protocols that critically address the parkinsonian triad’s
quantification in PD models. Literature search on Medline and PubMed was conducted to access
the articles on the motor function test in a rodent model of Parkinsonism. Search terms include
parkinsonism, parkinsonian triad, bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremors, stepping test, parallel bar
test, pole test, and cylinder test. This review shows that bradykinesia characterized by difficulty in
movement initiation could be assessed using a stepping test by measuring stepping length and time
taken to initiate movement on a wooden ramp. It can also be assessed using a parallel bar test by
measuring the time taken to make 90° turn. This turning hesitation is one of the critical features of
akinesia. Rigidity is associated with an increase in muscle tone; it is assessed by using a pole test to
measure the time taken for the rodent to slide down a smooth pole. Resting tremors is an involuntary,
oscillatory movement of the distal part of the upper limb when not performing an action. It could be
graded using a cylinder test when the rodent suspends its forelimb on the air in an attempt to climb
the wall of the cylinder. In conclusion, the examinations and quantifications of the Parkinsonian triad
are required to diagnose parkinsonism in rodent models.

Abstract
Aim: In this article, it is argued that the elusive mind qualifies as an active agent which works through
the brain rather than the brain creating the subjective mind or acting as the mind itself. Materials and
Methods: This article relies on observation‑based reasoned arguments and thus it is philosophical in
nature. Discussion: We seem to be living in a virtual reality interwoven of subjective experiences of
sights, sounds, tastes, smells, colors, pain, and pleasure, all rendered by the enigmatic mind. The mind
cannot be reduced to physical existence such as the sporadic electrical activity of the brain since no
electrical activity has ever produced such cohesive subjective experience, the same way that the laws
of physics cannot be reduced to matter and energy that comprise the physical existence. Conclusion:
Unlike properties, agencies differ from emergent quantities in that agencies more than passively qualify
matter; they actively control and rule matter. Agencies are characterized by causal power, and thus
the capacity to cause changes. Several agencies can be identified in nature. The agency of physics is
associated with the physical realm and is comprised of the universal laws and forces of physics. Life
qualifies as a purposive agency which is comprised of the laws and influences of life. Even quantum
fields act like virtual mechanisms and thus qualify as active agents associated with the production of
the fundamental particles of physics with a fixed set of properties out of quanta of energy.

Abstract
Introduction: Nowadays, radiology is playing a very essential role in quantitative imaging
from medical images to quantitative biomarkers. Integration of this numerical information
into structured reports can make it more practical tool for an accurate diagnosis of dementia.
Materials and Methods: This research developed a structured radiological report template for
dementia as an automated integration of quantitative imaging biomarkers of magnetic resonance
images into neurological structured reporting as a new achievement in the Management of Radiology
Report Templates in a more organized style. Results: A significant accuracy rather than free
conventional style for dementia patients. Conclusion: Final aim of this study is making this feature
available to make the best decision on patients with some dementia signs.

Abstract
Background: Linguists first coined the term anxiety in the 1600s to define a state of severe restlessness
and worry. When we look at the Turkish dictionaries and printed sources, we see that the definition of
anxiety is made simply as anxiety, fear, and worry. Anxiety; which we can describe as a mental and
physical reaction, a defense strategy, against an event or fear. It will threaten the survival of the life; it is
seen in two ways as situational anxiety and trait anxiety. Situational anxiety, as the name suggests, arises
when faced with a threat or stress factor, while trait anxiety is an anxiety that occurs internally, independent
of the event or situation. Aims and Objectives: For the continuity of one’s cognitive and behavioral
abilities, not only anxiety but also the perception of time has a great place in the continuity of life. The
findings that help us understand one’s time perspective are internal clock models and related mechanisms.
This study aims to investigate the effect of anxiety on time perspective. Materials and Methods: To this
end, the Beck Anxiety Scale, the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, and the demographic information
form were used to collect data. Data were collected from a total of 168 participants, 44 females and
124 males. Results and Conclusion: When the findings are evaluated in general terms, there was a
moderately negative relationship between anxiety and past positive perspective and a moderately positive
relationship between past negative perspective. Based on this result, anxiety prevents a positive perception
of the past; on the contrary, it can be said that it causes a negative perception of the past.

Abstract
Gilles de la Tourette (or briefly Tourette) syndrome (TS) is a neurobehavioral disorder that often
begins in childhood and is characterized by motor and vocal tics. Many psychiatric disorders may
accompany TS, attention‑deficit hyperactivity disorder, and obsessive–compulsive disorder being
the most frequent. However, literature regarding the association between TS and psychosis is
controversial. We present a patient who has comorbid TS and psychosis and is treated successfully
with quetiapine.

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorder that appears as a subset of attention deficit and different subspecies in which both occur together and is generally observed in childhood. Pharmacological agents such as atomoxetine and methylphenidate, which are widely used against the disease, appear with different and important side effects. Since the causes of the disease are not clearly understood, many studies are carried out on various animal models in order to both understand the etiology and develop new treatment models. In this review, a holistic approach to ADHD will be presented and advances in animal models, neuroimaging, neurodevelopmental, and neurochemical conditions will be presented using different perspectives. It is very important to understand how different animal models are effective in the development of pharmacological agents. In addition, comparing ADHD with different types of disease can detect similarities and further strengthen the etiological basis. Our major proposal is to draw attention to the further development of animal models related to the importance of the thalamus, which officially sees a filter of perception. Different animal models are needed to do all this because the disease is not fully modeled, except for the symptoms of ADHD. The current review will conclude that none of the currently discussed models meet all the necessary validation criteria, but that newly created genetic models, therapeutic strategies, and the disease mechanism may be radically important points.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease, in which there is chronic inflammation leading to neurodegeneration and demyelination. To detect MS at an early stage is impossible as it includes environmental factors and genetic factors as it varies from person to person. There are various methodologies that have been developed for the treatment of this disease; however, several complications as well as obstacles have been seen which are yet to be resolved. This review describes the biomarker for MS including microRNA and vaccine as a biomarker. Some of the drugs which are under phase II clinical trials are also discussed here. Testing and continuous validation is required for improvement where MS biomarkers are brought into clinical settings.

Background: Memorizing the Quran is an education continuing from the early periods of Islamic education until today. Although this education started in the past to protect the Quran, nowadays, it is continuing as a tradition. Aims and Objectives: The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of memorizing the Quran on certain cognitive functions of individuals. Materials and Methods: The scope of the study is limited to 18 female and 15 male students who have been studying in the 5th, 6th, and 7th grades of Anatolian Imam Preacher Secondary Schools in different districts of İstanbul. After Demographic Information Questionnaire was used, California Verbal Learning Test children’s version, Wechsler Memory Scale revised visual reproduction subtest, Trail Making Test, and Verbal Fluency Test were applied twice to collect data about individuals before and after memorization training. Results: Findings demonstrated that there is a statistically significant difference
in verbal learning, visual learning, attention speed, and phonemic and semantic fluency before and after memorization training. Conclusion: In conclusion, memorizing the Quran has positive impacts on verbal and visual memory, attention processes, and lexical and semantic fluency of individuals. It is important with regard to eliminate emptiness in the literature. In future studies, it can be investigated the effects of textual memorization in a foreign language on brain structures and connections.

Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study is to have children with and without mental retardation (MR) (diagnosed with MR), it is to compare and examine parents’ death anxiety. Materials and Methods: The research is based on the screening model. The sample group of the study consists of 120 people in total, consisting of parents (n = 60) of children who are followed up in a private counseling and research center due to the presence of intellectual disability, and parents with typically developed children (n = 60) as the comparison group. Sociodemographic information of the participants, who could be included in the study on a voluntary basis, was filled in by the researcher using face to face interview method using the Sociodemographic Information Form, and their death anxiety levels were evaluated with the Multidimensional Evaluation Inventory for Death and Dying. In comparing the quantitative data of the study, the t test, which is the two independent variable tests, was used to analyze the difference between the two parametric groups. The relationship between the scales was tested with Pearson Correlation analysis. Multiple linear regression was used to see the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable. Results: As a result of the research findings, it was found that there are statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) between the scores of the compared groups. Death anxiety of parents with mentally retarded children was found to be higher than parents of typically developed children. Conclusion: This research is important in terms of providing the opportunity for cross cultural comparison and contributing to the policies to be developed on the subject..

Objective: This study aimed to examine the relationship between obsessive compulsive symptoms and religious attitudes. Method: A total of 80 people, 40 females and 40 males, randomly selected between the ages of 18 and 65 participated in the study. Participants were given Sociodemographic Information Form, the Padua Inventory, and Ok Religious Attitude Scale. Results: Based on the findings, there was no statistically significant relationship between obsessive compulsive symptoms subscales and religious attitudes. According to results related to sociodemographic variables, no statistically significant difference was found between sociodemographic variables of the participants and obsessive compulsive symptoms. No statistically significant difference was found between the religious attitudes of the participants and their sociodemographic variables. Conclusion: Because the number of study for understanding these variable is limited in Turkey, It can be considered that the findings of the study related to obsessive-compulsive symptoms and religious attitudes is contributive in terms of providing further information for future research.