Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to be a serious public health problem in our country
in the world and has serious effects on the central and peripheral nervous system. HIV‑associated
dementia (HAD), which may develop due to HIV infection, causes subcortical dementia that can
progress with marked slowdown in reaction time and psychomotor speed, impaired cognitive
flexibility, emotional lability, and apathy. Neurocognitive tests are the most appropriate tools for the
neurocognitive assessment and staging of the disease. In this context, the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive
Examinations Revised (ACE‑R) test may be preferred in the neurocognitive evaluation of patients
considered to have HAD, in terms of its repeatability and easy applicability, as it allows us to
evaluate many neurocognitive functions in detail.

COVID‑19 infection can cause neurological manifestations as early and late complications (chronic
COVID syndrome). These include headache, dizziness, confusion, acute cerebrovascular problems,
ataxia, and seizures. COVID‑19‑related encephalopathy, encephalitis, and parkinsonism have been
reported earlier; however, the possible links and pathophysiological mechanisms are unclear. In this
report, we report a series of patients (n = 5) presenting with acute severe neurological syndromes
such as parkinsonism, focal status epilepticus, or acute ataxia as a part of long‑hauler COVID‑19
infection. We categorized the clinico-radiological and electroencephalographic features in our cases to
understand the clinical patterns in SARS-CoV-2 related brain cortex involvement. This might help
in future for better clinical categorization for these COVID‑19‑related neurological manifestations.

Over the years, there has been an increase in research on parkinsonism in basic and translational
neuroscience. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder vehemently
associated with motor function deficits and other unique features collectively called the Parkinsonian
triad, which slightly differs from other movement disorders such as Wilson’s disease, tardive
dyskinesia, chorea, and athetosis. Parkinsonian triad combines three major motor phenotypes of PD
including bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremors. Hence, there is a need to review motor deficits
protocols to create a set of behavioral protocols that critically address the parkinsonian triad’s
quantification in PD models. Literature search on Medline and PubMed was conducted to access
the articles on the motor function test in a rodent model of Parkinsonism. Search terms include
parkinsonism, parkinsonian triad, bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremors, stepping test, parallel bar
test, pole test, and cylinder test. This review shows that bradykinesia characterized by difficulty in
movement initiation could be assessed using a stepping test by measuring stepping length and time
taken to initiate movement on a wooden ramp. It can also be assessed using a parallel bar test by
measuring the time taken to make 90° turn. This turning hesitation is one of the critical features of
akinesia. Rigidity is associated with an increase in muscle tone; it is assessed by using a pole test to
measure the time taken for the rodent to slide down a smooth pole. Resting tremors is an involuntary,
oscillatory movement of the distal part of the upper limb when not performing an action. It could be
graded using a cylinder test when the rodent suspends its forelimb on the air in an attempt to climb
the wall of the cylinder. In conclusion, the examinations and quantifications of the Parkinsonian triad
are required to diagnose parkinsonism in rodent models.

Abstract
Aim: In this article, it is argued that the elusive mind qualifies as an active agent which works through
the brain rather than the brain creating the subjective mind or acting as the mind itself. Materials and
Methods: This article relies on observation‑based reasoned arguments and thus it is philosophical in
nature. Discussion: We seem to be living in a virtual reality interwoven of subjective experiences of
sights, sounds, tastes, smells, colors, pain, and pleasure, all rendered by the enigmatic mind. The mind
cannot be reduced to physical existence such as the sporadic electrical activity of the brain since no
electrical activity has ever produced such cohesive subjective experience, the same way that the laws
of physics cannot be reduced to matter and energy that comprise the physical existence. Conclusion:
Unlike properties, agencies differ from emergent quantities in that agencies more than passively qualify
matter; they actively control and rule matter. Agencies are characterized by causal power, and thus
the capacity to cause changes. Several agencies can be identified in nature. The agency of physics is
associated with the physical realm and is comprised of the universal laws and forces of physics. Life
qualifies as a purposive agency which is comprised of the laws and influences of life. Even quantum
fields act like virtual mechanisms and thus qualify as active agents associated with the production of
the fundamental particles of physics with a fixed set of properties out of quanta of energy.

Abstract
Introduction: Nowadays, radiology is playing a very essential role in quantitative imaging
from medical images to quantitative biomarkers. Integration of this numerical information
into structured reports can make it more practical tool for an accurate diagnosis of dementia.
Materials and Methods: This research developed a structured radiological report template for
dementia as an automated integration of quantitative imaging biomarkers of magnetic resonance
images into neurological structured reporting as a new achievement in the Management of Radiology
Report Templates in a more organized style. Results: A significant accuracy rather than free
conventional style for dementia patients. Conclusion: Final aim of this study is making this feature
available to make the best decision on patients with some dementia signs.

Abstract
Background: Linguists first coined the term anxiety in the 1600s to define a state of severe restlessness
and worry. When we look at the Turkish dictionaries and printed sources, we see that the definition of
anxiety is made simply as anxiety, fear, and worry. Anxiety; which we can describe as a mental and
physical reaction, a defense strategy, against an event or fear. It will threaten the survival of the life; it is
seen in two ways as situational anxiety and trait anxiety. Situational anxiety, as the name suggests, arises
when faced with a threat or stress factor, while trait anxiety is an anxiety that occurs internally, independent
of the event or situation. Aims and Objectives: For the continuity of one’s cognitive and behavioral
abilities, not only anxiety but also the perception of time has a great place in the continuity of life. The
findings that help us understand one’s time perspective are internal clock models and related mechanisms.
This study aims to investigate the effect of anxiety on time perspective. Materials and Methods: To this
end, the Beck Anxiety Scale, the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, and the demographic information
form were used to collect data. Data were collected from a total of 168 participants, 44 females and
124 males. Results and Conclusion: When the findings are evaluated in general terms, there was a
moderately negative relationship between anxiety and past positive perspective and a moderately positive
relationship between past negative perspective. Based on this result, anxiety prevents a positive perception
of the past; on the contrary, it can be said that it causes a negative perception of the past.

Abstract
Gilles de la Tourette (or briefly Tourette) syndrome (TS) is a neurobehavioral disorder that often
begins in childhood and is characterized by motor and vocal tics. Many psychiatric disorders may
accompany TS, attention‑deficit hyperactivity disorder, and obsessive–compulsive disorder being
the most frequent. However, literature regarding the association between TS and psychosis is
controversial. We present a patient who has comorbid TS and psychosis and is treated successfully
with quetiapine.

Background: Children’s anger and aggressive behaviors become a problem for teachers and parents
at home, in the classroom, or the playground. Pharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches
are recommended for children who cannot control their anger. Child‑centered play therapy is one
of these approaches. Aim: This study aimed to reveal the effect of child‑centered play therapy on
children with anger issues. Materials and Methods: The study group consists of 25 volunteer child
clients with anger symptoms, and the control group consists of 25 volunteer child clients without
anger symptoms. Each participant was given child‑centered play therapy with 45‑min sessions twice
a week for 3 weeks during the research process. The Trait Anger‑Anger Style Scale was administered
to the participants before and after the therapy. Results: As a result of the study, it was shown
that children with anger issues experienced a significant change and improved after child‑centered
play therapy. Children have become able to control their anger. At the same time, improvement was
observed in the verbal and behavioral expression of anger. Conclusion: The results of this study
indicate that child‑centered play therapy can be an effective treatment option for children with anger
issues and aggressive behaviors.

Women with Epilepsy in Reproductive Age Years and Requisite Psychosocial Management Strategies

Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorder that appears as a subset of attention deficit and different subspecies in which both occur together and is generally observed in childhood. Pharmacological agents such as atomoxetine and methylphenidate, which are widely used against the disease, appear with different and important side effects. Since the causes of the disease are not clearly understood, many studies are carried out on various animal models in order to both understand the etiology and develop new treatment models. In this review, a holistic approach to ADHD will be presented and advances in animal models, neuroimaging, neurodevelopmental, and neurochemical conditions will be presented using different perspectives. It is very important to understand how different animal models are effective in the development of pharmacological agents. In addition, comparing ADHD with different types of disease can detect similarities and further strengthen the etiological basis. Our major proposal is to draw attention to the further development of animal models related to the importance of the thalamus, which officially sees a filter of perception. Different animal models are needed to do all this because the disease is not fully modeled, except for the symptoms of ADHD. The current review will conclude that none of the currently discussed models meet all the necessary validation criteria, but that newly created genetic models, therapeutic strategies, and the disease mechanism may be radically important points.