Gelişimsel diskalkuli matematik yeteneğini etkileyen bir özel öğrenme güçlüğü formudur. Bu bozukluğa neden olan faktörler kesin olarak bilinememektedir. Son çalışmalar, diskalkulinin ortaya çıkmasında beyindeki spesifik bölgelerin etkili olabileceği yönünde kanıt ortaya koymaktadır. Bu beyin bölgeleri arasında; intraparyetal oluk, angular girus ve supramarjinal girus yer almaktadır. Bu çalışma, bu bölgelerin gelişimsel diskalkulideki rollerini araştırmaktadır. Çalışmaya 10 gelişimsel diskalkuli sahibi yetişkin, 10 da kontrol grubu olmak üzere 20 katılımcı dahil olmuştur. Katılımcılar sayı kıyaslama, toplama ve çıkarma işlemlerini yaparken fMRI ile beyin aktiviteleri görüntülenmiştir. Sayı kıyaslama esnasında intraparyetal olukta beyin aktivasyonu tespit edilmiştir. Toplama-çıkarma esnasında intraparyetal oluk, angular girus ve supramarjinal girusda beyin aktivasyonu tespit edilmiştir. Sayı kıyaslama esnasında IPS de gözlenen aktivasyon diskalkulik grupla kıyaslandığında kontrol grubunda daha az saptanmamıştır. Ayrıca, toplama- çıkarma esnasında da ANG, SMG ve IPS’de de aktivasyon gözlenmiştir

Sufi meditasyonu, uygulayanların (semazenlerin) bilişsel farkındalıklarını kaybetmeden kendi etrafında döndükleri ve bundan dolayı önemli bir motor, kognitif kontrol ve gözlem gerektiren fiziksel hareketli bir manevi meditasyon biçimidir. Bir çok çalışma, meditasyon yapan kişinin deneyiminin, beyin aktivasyonlarındaki kuvvet üzerinde etkili olacağını ileri sürmüştür. Çünkü meditasyon yapan kişinin tecrübesi arttıkça, kiki esrik duruma ulaşmak için daha az kognitif çaba harcamaktadır. Buna karşın, meditasyon yapan kişilerin duygusal durumu ve bunun meditasyon sırasında aktive olmuş beyin alanları arasındaki ilişkisi konusundaki bilgi yeterli değildir. Tüm bu bilgiler ışığında, bizim çalışmamız 14 erkek semazen ile yapılmıştır. Tüm semazenler, MRI cihazı içerisinde, sema dönüşünü zihinlerinde canlandırarak meditasyon yapmışlardır. Bu duruma karşıt olarak, Sema meditasyonunda spesifik olan beyin alanlarını bulmak için aktif kontrol durumu uygulanmıştır. Katılımcılardan duygulanım durumu ve psikiyatrik semptom ölçümleri toplanmış, ve fMRI analizleri, istatiksel parametrik harita, meditasyon ve kontrol durumlarını karşılaştırmak amacıyla oluşturulmuştur. Sonuç olarak, sema meditasyonu sırasında özellikle sol anterior cingulate kortex ve sol orbitofrontal alanda aktivasyon gözlemlenmiştir. Önceki çalışmalarda meditasyon yapan kişinin tecrübesi beyin aktivasyonu için öngörücü olmasına rağmen, bu çalışmada duygulanım durumunun beyinde meditasyon esnasında, duyguları düzenlemeyi kolaylaştırmada ve kognitif gözlemleme süreçlerinde önemli bir etken olduğunu bulunmuştur. Bu bulgular, meditasyonun psikolojik ve duygusal iyilik haline olumlu etkileri perspektifinden de açıklanabilir.

Aim: This study aimed to enhance conscious awareness of respiratory control in panic disorder patients to prevent panic attacks. Materials and Method: Thirty participants (aged 18–65) diagnosed with panic disorder were recruited from NP Istanbul Brain Hospital and NP Istanbul Medical Center. They were divided into two groups: one received only psychoeducation on breathing techniques, while the other received psychoeducation combined with visual biofeedback (Galvanic Skin Resistance, heart rate, respiratory depth, and skin temperature). Breathing training was conducted over four weeks, and outcomes were assessed using the Panic Agoraphobia Scale, State and Trait Anxiety Scale, and biofeedback metrics. Result: Both groups showed significant improvements in Panic Agoraphobia Scale scores and reductions in State and Trait Anxiety scores. The biofeedback group demonstrated more pronounced improvements in respiratory control, with significantly lower breathing rates in the final assessment. Conclusion: Respiratory biofeedback combined with psychoeducation effectively improves respiratory control and reduces anxiety symptoms in panic disorder patients.

Aim: Social anxiety is a prevalent concern during emerging adulthood and is often associated with heightened sensitivity to rejection and negative self-perceptions. This study examines the mediating role of body image in the relationship between rejection sensitivity and social anxiety among emerging adults. Materials and Methods: A total of 300 participants aged 18-29 completed measures assessing rejection sensitivity, body image, and social anxiety. Results: Findings suggest that individuals with high rejection sensitivity are more likely to experience negative body image, which in turn increases their levels of social anxiety. Body image emerged as a significant mediator, indicating that emerging adults who are more sensitive to social rejection may internalize these experiences as negative self-evaluations, particularly regarding their physical appearance. Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of addressing body image concerns in interventions aimed at reducing social anxiety, particularly for individuals prone to rejection sensitivity. Understanding this mediation pathway may provide insights for developing more targeted approaches to support mental health during the transition to adulthood.

Aim: Parental childhood traumas significantly influence their parenting styles. This study examines the relationship between childhood neglect and abuse experienced by Generation Y parents and their parental attitudes. Materials and Method: A total of 106 participants (60 women, 46 men) aged 25–40 years completed the Sociodemographic Information Form, Parental Attitude Scale (PAS), and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Data collection was conducted online following ethical approval. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 24.0. Results: Emotional abuse and neglect were positively correlated with authoritarian and permissive parental attitudes. Conversely, a negative correlation was observed between emotional neglect and democratic attitudes. Income level, marital status, and self-harm history significantly influenced CTQ and PAS scores, with authoritarian attitudes being higher in women and younger parents. Conclusions: Childhood traumas are intergenerational and extend beyond individual experiences, influencing societal structures. Addressing trauma requires holistic community interventions. Future studies should expand on how unresolved parental traumas shape generational outcomes.

Aim: Resting-state gamma oscillations, less studied compared to task-related gamma activity, have increasingly been considered to reflect baseline cognitive processes and readiness for future cognitive demands. Previous research has largely focused on clinical populations, identifying aberrant gamma activity as a marker of cognitive dysfunction in conditions such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, and ADHD. This study investigates the relationship between resting-state EEG gamma power and neuropsychological performance in healthy adults. Specifically, it examines the associations between absolute and relative gamma power across different brain regions (frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital) during resting-state and performance in cognitive domains such as working memory, verbal fluency, face recognition, short-term memory, and attention. Material and Methods: A total of 45 healthy individuals who underwent routine neuropsychiatric evaluations at NP Istanbul Brain Hospital and exhibited no pathological findings were included in the study. Resting-state EEG data, collected retrospectively, were analyzed to extract gamma power values, which were subsequently correlated with neuropsychological test scores. Results: The results revealed significant positive correlations between relative gamma power in the frontal and parietal regions and verbal fluency performance. This association suggests that specific brain regions contribute uniquely to cognitive functions during resting states, with gamma power providing insight into the neural substrates of language-related abilities. Conclusion: These findings highlight the relevance of resting-state gamma power in understanding individual differences in cognitive abilities. Future research should validate these findings with larger, more diverse samples and incorporate advanced techniques like MEG to better understand the neural mechanisms linking gamma oscillations to cognitive performance.

Aim: The study's long-term goals, such as determining supratherapeutic ranges according to age distributions
specific to the country, adjusting dosages for additional drugs used by patients in different disease
groups, and providing the opportunity for etiological studies in the light of diagnosis and drug metabolism
perspective, are of great importance in defining the study. Method: Population pharmacokinetics is a
method expressed to evaluate processes such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of a
drug from an individual's blood-plasma concentration. In drug pharmacokinetic experiments, generating
data without considering any pharmacokinetic differences among patients prevents the measurement or
observation of variability among individuals in the population as a simple approach. The dose-concentration
relationship is crucial for individualized dose adjustment. Additionally, the impact of other drugs used
by the individual on metabolite levels and the metabolic interactions between drugs play a critical role in
the development of personalized treatments. Population approaches provide a foundation that benefits the
observation of these effects. The variability in drug metabolism among individuals forms one of the fundamental
building blocks of personalized treatment approaches, specifically through Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
(TDM), which plays an important role in determining the therapeutic range of drugs. Materials:
In this study, drug metabolism findings of patients served at NP Istanbul Brain Hospital between 2010 and
2022 were examined within the repository created along with other patient-specific parameters. Results
and Conclusion: The analysis results have been followed up longitudinally, partially demographically,
and retrospectively. Thanks to the repository of NP Istanbul Brain Hospital, population pharmacokinetic
analyses aimed in this study are being conducted for the first time globally and nationally in terms of
scope. The repository has been studied with TDM for individualized treatment methods, and within this
project, it is anticipated to perform phenotyping with the population pharmacokinetic approach.

Background: Lead acetate (Pb) exposure during frontal cortex development is associated with developmental
toxicity later in life, causing both morphological and functional alterations. Curcuma longa,
however, has been suggested to possess neuroprotective qualities that could lessen these adverse effects.
Objective: Assessed the frontal cortex following treatment with Curcuma longa. Materials and Methods:
Twenty adult female Wistar rats and ten adult male Wistar rats were matched during the proestrous phase
of the estrous cycle in order to mate and create five groups of six (n=6) in a 4:2 (4 females to 2 males)
ratio. Gestational day 0 was marked as the confirmation of pregnancy based on if sperm is present and a
vaginal plug in the vaginal smear. Four (n=4) pregnant Wistar rats were put together. Group 1 (control) rats
were given 2 milliliters per kilogram of distilled water. Pb was given at a dose of 120 mg/kg to Group 2.
Group 3 rats were given 120 mg/kg of lead and 100 mg/kg of vitamin C. The animals in Group 4 received
750 mg/kg of Curcuma longa and 120 mg/kg of Pb. The animals in Group 5 rats were given 1500 mg/kg
of Curcuma longa and 120 mg/kg of Pb. From gestational day 7 to day 21 (14 days), the medication was
administered orally. The animals were allowed to litter naturally. At postnatal day (PND) 1, some pups
were euthanized using chloroform inhalation and their brains were harvested for Oxidative stress markers,
histology, histochemical assessments. While some pups were kept for Cliff avoidance test at PND 4-7.
Results: The study found that lead acetate (Pb) exposure during gestation significantly decreased the mean
turning latency in the cliff avoidance test and increased lipid peroxidation (MDA) levels, while decreasing
antioxidant enzyme levels (SOD, CAT, GSH) compared to the control group. These neurological and oxidative
changes were mitigated by co-administration of Curcuma longa, with a notable improvement in the
cliff avoidance test performance and restoration of the altered histological and histochemical markers. The
results suggest that Curcuma longa, a natural antioxidant, has neuroprotective properties that can counteract
the adverse effects of lead toxicity during gestational development. Conclusion: N-Butanol Fraction
of Curcuma Longa ameliorated lead-induced neurotoxicity in rat pups.

Background: Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are a class of depressant drugs that have enjoyed widespread use
in conventional clinical management of anxiety-related conditions such as panic disorders that require
therapeutic central relaxation and sedation. Meanwhile, prolonged administration of benzodiazepines even
at low doses has however been linked to variety of undesirable effects such as discontinuation relapse with
the associated risk of abuse and dependency. Aim: This study investigated the behavioral, histological
and biochemical outcomes of long-term low dose diazepam use and explored the potential role of nigella
sativa oil (NSO) in the amelioration of the associated side effects. Methods: Adult Wistar rats (n=32)
were randomized into four groups that received normal saline; diazepam; diazepam + NSO; or NSO only,
respectively for 14 days. At the end of the period of the various exposures, the rats were taken through
behavioral paradigms after which they were sacrificed for chemical and histological profiling. Results:
diazepam-exposed rats exhibited stress-related manifestations with relatively poor performance in memory-
related tasks. Repeated diazepam ingestion reduced brain antioxidant biomarkers while causing elevation
of brain oxidative stress markers. On histological observation, mild degenerative changes were evident
in the various brain regions of the diazepam-exposed rats. Conclusion: Interventional nigella sativa oil
administration showed therapeutic potentials by mitigating and reversing the observed effects of diazepam,
largely due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects as observed in the present study.

Background: Pyrethroids pose health risks to humans. Therefore, it is imperative to assess the preventive
benefits of thymoquinone against neurotoxicity induced by cypermethrin- in the hippocampal dentate
gyrus. Methods: Forty male adult Wistar rats with an average weight of 180-200g were randomly allocated
to five (5) groups, and each comprising eight rats (n=8 per group). The groups were designated
as follows, through oral administrations for 14 days: 0.5ml phosphate- buffered saline (PBS) was given
to group one; Group two received 20mg/kg of cypermethrin (CYM); Group three received 10 mg/kg of
thymoquinone (THQ); Group four received 20 mg/kg of cypermethrin followed by 10mg/kg of thymoquinone
(CYM-10mgTHQ); and Group five received 20 mg/kg and 5mg/kg cypermethrin and thymoquinone
respectively (CYM-5 mgTHQ). Behavioral, histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analyses
were conducted post-treatment. Results: Cypermethrin administration caused the rise in pro-inflammatory
cytokine TNF-α, Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and increased expression of astrocytes, microglia, and
pro-apoptotic protein Bax. Additionally, cypermethrin reduced levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10
and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Cytoarchitectural disruption of dentate gyrus were observed.
Cognitive deficits were evident. Thymoquinone treatment attenuated TNF-α and NF-κB elevation, reduced
astrocyte, microglial, and Bax expression, and increased IL-10 and AChE. Conclusion: Thymoquinone
demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects against cypermethrin-induced neurotoxicity,
improving cognitive function in rats.