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ARTICLES

Review Article

Turkish Title : Review Article on “Importance of Behavioral Genetics on the Psychological Development of the Person”

Chakrala Bhavyaja
JNBS, 2023, 10(2), p:57-61

DOI : 10.4103/jnbs.jnbs_10_23

The study of behavioral genetics holds great promise for revealing the genetic and environmental
factors that impact both typical and abnormal behavior. The ideas and techniques that have been
used to identifying the constituent parts of complex human characteristics serve as the foundation
for behavioral-genetic procedures. To analyze the genetic component of these complex features, new
tools are now accessible. We can start investigating how certain genes interact with environmental
variables in development as they are discovered. Important factors to take into account include how
we interpret these results, how we pose fresh questions, how we celebrate the information, and how
we make use of or abuse this knowledge. These problems are prevalent in all human research fields,
but they are particularly evident in human behavioral genetics. In this article, we review the results of
studies and theories, explore their implications for our knowledge of adult personality development,
and highlight outstanding issues that require more investigation.


Letter to Editor

Turkish Title : A Trajectory of Psychosocial Needs of the Caregivers of Persons with Spinal Cord Injury: A Mental Health-care Professional Standpoint

Srikanth Pallerla,K Shanivaram Reddy,Nirmala Berigai Parthasarathy,Janardhana Navaneetham,Gupta Anupam
JNBS, 2023, 10(2), p:62-63

DOI : 10.4103/jnbs.jnbs_8_23

Dear Editor,
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a calamitous condition that
causes temporary or permanent changes in its function
resulting either from trauma or nontrauma.[1] The abrupt
nature of injury infers a radical change in various
domains on both persons with SCI (PwSCI) and their
family caregivers (FCGs).[2] The unanticipated nature of
this condition leaves the FCGs to adopt new roles and
responsibilities that they were not aware of it before.
The FCG’s psychosocial and vocational outcomes
are negatively impacted by taking on this additional
caregiver responsibility. This caregiving role puts them
in a phase where they often neglect their needs and
health.


Editorial

Turkish Title : The Burden of Rarity: Rare Diseases and Future Perspectives

Kapote Shweta,Srikanth Pallerla
JNBS, 2023, 10(1), p:1-2

DOI : 10.4103/jnbs.jnbs_23_22

Dear Editor,
A disease is considered rare disease (RD) when it affects
less than one in every 2000 people.[1] The World Health
Organization defines RD as a debilitating disease or lifelong
condition with a prevalence of one or less per 1000 people.
However, several developed and developing countries have
their own definitions. It is a health condition that affects a
smaller size of the individual patient population as compared
to other prevalent diseases in the general population and
has a startling social cost. The most common RDs include
autoimmune diseases and lysosomal storage disorders,
such as Pompe disease, Hirschsprung’s disease, Gaucher’s
disease, cystic fibrosis, hemangiomas, and specific types of
muscular dystrophies. The most common RDs that affect
children are hemophilia, thalassemia, sickle cell anemia,
and primary immunodeficiency.
RDs are often chronic, debilitating, and life‑threatening in
nature and can develop at any stage of life. Few of these
diseases are preventable and can lead to unfavorable living
conditions.[2,3] Less than five to seven individuals out of
10,000 are affected by RDs, although 6%–8% of the world’s
population is affected globally.[4] According to the Ministry
of Health and Family Welfare, 72–96 million Indians are
affected by RDs.[5] According to Orphanet data, among the
6172 unique RDs, 71.9% were genetic and 69.9% were
disproportionately impacting children.[6] The scientific
knowledge and medical understanding of RDs is inadequate
due to their complexity, heterogeneity, and ever‑evolving field.
RD awareness, as well as a lack of treatment alternatives,
may make the entire process from diagnosis to therapy
difficult and uncertain. RDs have emerged as a primary public
health priority owing to the challenges imposed by their low
prevalence, especially their continuous, life‑threatening nature
and lack of information and expertise.[7]
There is inadequate epidemiological data to quantify the
burden, and research and development options are limited.
It is difficult to estimate the exact number of people affected
by RDs, as the majority of RDs are not documented, except
in certain developed countries. Government indecision on
the provision of health‑care access is caused by gaps in
the maintenance of electronic health records or registers
of cases noticed in the underprivileged and vulnerable
sectors of society. Clinical trials are a crucial component
of the drug discovery process. It is completed in stages and
involves identifying numerous individuals suffering from
particular medical conditions and developing a robust trial
design to demonstrate the efficacy of the medicine. This
issue significantly worsened in the case of RDs. Finding
patients qualified for clinical trials typically involves
The Burden of Rarity: Rare Diseases and Future Perspectives
Editorial
significant search expenses. Given the rarity of patients and
in their entire professional careers, a significant percentage
of doctors in practice reported never having seen a
patient with a RD,[8] finding the correct diagnosis takes a
substantial amount of time. Clinical trials are expected to
be expensive because pharmaceutical companies will most
likely have to spend a substantial amount of money.
RDs affect not only the individuals who suffer from them but
also their families and communities. Due to the prohibitively
high cost of treatment, the impact on families is frequently
disastrous in terms of both the emotional and financial
tolls. Often, the patients’ and their caregivers’ medical
and social needs are unmet, which leads to experiencing
a severe psychosocial burden.[9] The individuals with RDs
and their family caregivers’ vocational aspects (education
and employment) will be adversely affected due to the
difficulty in accessing health‑care medical services for the
management of RDs, which leads to poor health outcomes.
A qualitative study from the USA reported that individuals
with RDs had experienced three types of stigma: Structurally
enacted, interpersonally enacted, and felt stigma.[10]
There is a need to enhance the awareness, advocacy, and
implementation of outreach programs about these RDs in
low‑income countries, among marginalized, poor literacy
populations. However, research on the impact of RDs on
psychosocial, economic, and vocational aspects of individuals
with RDs and their family caregivers globally is lacking.
Individuals with RD’s cannot afford health‑care services
due to the high cost of treatment, diagnostic evaluations,
medications, etc., especially in developing countries.
Usually, healthcare end‑up spending is spent on people
who are diagnosed late. This may often result in a terminal
patient who needs to be managed with expensive therapies
and rehabilitation. The government can implement the early
detection programs, as it can save time and resources and
reduce costs. A patient can be managed with less costly
interventions while providing better care and quality of
life. Early screening and diagnosis of RDs are critical for
the prevention of perinatal and neonatal disorders such as
Angelman syndrome, Carpenter syndrome, craniofacial
disorder, Hutchinson‑Gilford progeria syndrome, and
Wiedemann‑Rautenstrauch syndrome. In addition, drug
development can be performed using an artificial intelligence
algorithm that can potentially reduce costs and preclinical
work compared to a fraction of traditional methods. The
electronic health records of patients with RDs should be
should be introduced and maintained so as to aid in future
researches on RDs. From this data, crucial health information
related to RD patterns can be identified regionally. 2023One of the best methods for a proactive approach to therapy is networking and the exchange of experiences. Networking is one of the most valuable assets for people with RDs. Having a community will not only be a poignant reminder of the energy that people with RDs put into their lives every day but it will also be a valuable opportunity for them to feel less alienated in their ongoing struggles.In summary, the fact that effective therapies are frequently unavailable adds to the amount of agony and suffering experienced by patients and their families. The government must establish a plan to raise awareness of the severity and impact of RDs on patients and their families, and simultaneously conduct research and plan for better diagnosis and treatment, develop pharmaceuticals drugs that are accessible, affordable, and provide insurance coverage for treatment. Furthermore, patients with RDs typically face challenges owing to their low prevalence and lack of knowledge among their healthcare providers. As there is an urgent need to bridge the gap in physicians’ understanding of RDs, it is prudent to introduce additional courses on these diseases in the medical curriculum and postgraduate training for physicians. The internet is the primary source of information on RDs, and e‑learning programs and courses should be implemented for all medical practitioners.


Original Article

Effect of unilateral electrolytic lesion of fastigial nucleus on behavior, learning and memory of Wistar albino rats

Turkish Title : Fastıgıal çekirdek ünilateral elektroliktik lezyonunun wistar albino sıçanlarının hafıza, öğrenme ve davranışları üzerindeki etkisi

Loganathan Sundareswaran,Rathinasamy Sheeladevi
JNBS, 2014, 1(3), p:54-62

DOI : 10.5455/JNBS.1407054560

Cerebellum called as the “little brain” .The cerebellum regulates various functions like motor coordination, equilibrium and muscle tone because of its connections with other parts of the brain as well as other parts of the body. Whether the fastigial nucleus of the rat cerebellum plays any role in behavior, reference and working memory forms the focus of the present study. The fastigial nucleus as part of spino-cerebellum of Wistar albino rat was unilaterally (left side) destroyed by electrolytic lesion using stereotaxic procedures and the behavior, learning and memory were analyzed by using open field, elevated plus maze and eight arm radial mazes on 10th and also 15th day after the lesion along with controls as well as with sham operated animals. The alterations in behavior were only observed on the 10th day but not in 15th day. There was no alteration was observed in radial maze among the groups indicated that cerebellum has no role in memory process. The changes perceived in behavior on 10th day may be due the inflammation or reduced metabolism in the damaged areas followed which may recovered on 15th day as inflammation subsides and the metabolism is normalized. These results indicate that fastigial nucleus is not playing any role in either behavior or memory.

Beyincik “küçük beyin” olarak bilinir. Beyincik, vücudun diğer kısımlarıyla olduğu gibi beynin de diğer kısımlarıyla bağlantıları nedeniyle motor koordinasyonu, denge ve kas elastikiyeti gibi fonksiyonların çalışmasını düzenler. Sıçan beyinciğinin fastigial çekirdek davranış üzerinde herhangi bir rol oynasın ya da oynamasın, referans belleği ve işleyen bellek şuanki çalışmanın konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Wistar albino sıçanının spino-serebellum’ unun bir parçası olarak fastigial nucleus, stereotaksik teknikler kullanılarak elektroliktik lezyon ile tek taraflı olarak(sol taraf) yok edilmiştir. Laboratuvar ortamında opere edilen hayvanlardaki gibi kontrollerle lezyondan sonra davranış, öğrenme ve hafıza 10. ve 15. günde artı labirent ve radyal labirent yükselten açık alan testi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Davranıştaki değişimler 15. günde değil sadece 10. günde görülmüştür. Beyinciğinin hafıza sürecinde rol oynamadığı görülen gruplar arasında radyal labirentte hiçbir değişim görülmemiştir. 10. günde algılanan davranış değişiklikleri, iltihap azalacağı ve metabolizma normalleşeceği için 15. günde iyileşmesini takiben zarar gören kısımlardaki iltihap ya da zayıflamış metabolizma yüzünden olabilir. Bu sonuçlar göstermektedir ki fastigial çekirdek davranış ya da hafıza üzerinde herhangi bir rol oynamamaktadır.


Original Article

Effect of ovarian hormones on memory suppression

Turkish Title : Ovaryen hormonların anımsamada bastırma üzerindeki etkisi

Muge Aslankara,Ali Bayram,Nevzat Tarhan,Ayla Arslan
JNBS, 2014, 1(3), p:63-66

DOI : 10.5455/JNBS.1406027541

Several studies suggest that memory suppression in humans occur as an active process of executive control, mediated by regions of prefrontal cortex, which is a substrate for ovarian hormones. However the effect of ovarian hormones on this process is not known. In order to address this question, we utilized the quantitative analysis of ovarian hormones in combination with the procedure of a memory control model, the think (T) /no think (NT) paradigm in a within-subject design study. We compared the rate of memory control between the follicular (low estrogen and progesterone) and mid-luteal (high estrogen and progesterone) phases of regularly cycling healthy women. Our data demonstrate that during midluteal phase, 63.6 % of subjects are able to ‘suppress’ or actively forget (significantly less % recall below the baseline) previously learned word pairs in the ‘NT condition; i.e., not to think the target word associated with the cue word’. However during the follicular phase there was no effect of ‘NT condition’ on the active forgetting of word pairs below the baseline as assessed by the memory test applied after the T/NT procedure. Thus, our results indicate that ovarian hormones are associated with the process of memory control.

Çeşitli çalışmalar, insanlarda bellek kontrolünün (anımsamada bastırma) yürütücü bir işlev olarak prefrontal korteks denetiminde aktif bir mekanizma ile gerçekleştiğini göstermiştir. Prefrontal korteksin ovaryen hormonların müdahalesine oldukça açık olduğu bilinmekle birlikte bu etkinin anımsamada bastırma işlevi sırasında nasıl bir rol oynadığı bilinmemektedir. Burada sunulan çalışma bir bellek kontrolü modeli olan düşün/düşünme paradigmasını (think /no think paradigm) kullanarak ve ovaryen hormonların kantitatif olarak analiz edildiği denek-içi desen düzeneği ile bu soruya cevap aramaktadır. Menstrual siklusun foliküler (düşük estrojen ve progesteron) ve midlüteal (yüksek estrojen ve progesteron) fazlarındaki bellek kontrol oranları kıyaslanmıştır. Veriler göstermektedir ki midlüteal fazda, deneklerin % 63.6 si, önceden öğrenilmiş kelime çiftlerini ‘düşünmeme koşulu’ yani ‘ip ucu kelimesi ile ilişkili hedef kelimesini düşünmeme koşulu’ (NT condition)- sırasında aktif unutma (anımsamada bastırma) becerisi göstermiştir (istatiksel olarak anlamlı bir şekilde kendiliğinden unutma oranına göre daha çok unutma ya da daha az hatırlama). Ancak ‘düşünmeme koşulunun’ bellek kontrolü üzerindeki bu etkisi, düşün/düşünme prosedürünü takiben yapılan bellek testleri ile gösterildiği gibi foliküler fazda gözlenmemiştir. Bu sonuçlar bellek kontrolü işleminin ovaryen hormonlar ile ilişkili bir durum olduğunu göstermektedir.


Original Article

Agmatinase and human cationic amino acid transporter 1 in mood disorder: what´s under the microscope?

Turkish Title : Duygudurum bozukluklarında agmatin ve insan katyonik amino asit transporter 1: mikroskobun altında ne var?

Hans-Gert Bernstein,Kristin Jäger,Juliane Fiebig,Susann Wolf,Martin Wick,Henrik Dobrowolny,Johann Steiner,Bernhard Bogerts,Gregor Laube
JNBS, 2014, 1(3), p:67-71

DOI : 10.5455/JNBS.1413806684

Agmatine may act as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator. Behaviorally, agmatine exerts antidepressant-like effects. The enzyme agmatinase degrades and thereby inactivates agmatine. The gene coding for human agmatinase is located on chromosome 1p36, a gene locus which has been linked to bipolar disorder and major depression. However, the enzyme has not yet been studied in detail in the context of neuropsychiatric diseases. We analyzed agmatinase protein expression in postmortem hippocampi of individuals with affective disorders. Agmatinase protein was detected in a subset of interneurons in the hippocampus and other brain regions. In depressive patients the number and the numerical density of agmatinase-immunopositive cell bodies was strongly elevated in all regions under study (i.e. hippocampus, habenula, insular cortex and temporal cortex). Agmatine is naturally produced by the breakdown of arginine. The cellular uptake of L-arginine and other cationic amino acids (such as L-lysine and L-ornithine) is mainly mediated by cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) proteins. In patients with mood disorder there was a circumscribed decrease in the numerical density of hCAT1 immunoreactive neurons in the CA2 region of the hippocampus.

Agmantin, nöromodülatör ve nörotransmitter olarak çalışır. Davranışsal olarak agmatin, antidepresanvari etkiler uygular. Enzim olan agmatinaz, agmatini indirger ve böylece devre dışı bırakır. İnsan agmatinini kodlayan, bipolar bozukluk ve majör depresyonla bağlantılı olan bu genin konumu 1p36. kromozomdadır. Fakat bu enzim nöropsikiyatrik hastalıklar bağlamında henüz detaylı olarak incelenmemiştir. Duygusal bozuklukları olan bireylerin postmortem hipokampüsündeki agmatin protein dışavurumunu inceledik. Agmatin proteini, hipokampüs ve diğer beyin bölgelerindeki internöronlar altkümesinde saptanmıştır. Depresif hastalarda agmatin-immunopozitif hücre gövdelerinin sayısı ve sayısal çoğunluğu incelemedeki bütün kısımlarda (hipokampüs, habenula, insular korteks ve temporal korteks) fazlasıyla artmıştır. Agmatin doğal olarak arjininin kırılmasıyla/ bozulmasıyla ortaya çıkmaktadır. L-arjinin ve diğer katyonik amino asitlerin( L-lisin ve L-ornitin gibi) hücresel alınımına temel olarak katonyik amino asit transporter(CAT) proteinleri aracılık eder. Duygudurum bozukluğu olan hastalarda, hipokampüsün CA2 kısmındaki hCAT1 immunoreaktif nöronların sayısal yoğunluğunda sınırlı bir azalma vardı.


Review Article

An alternative approach to understand schizophrenia: polyamine hypothesis through NMDA receptors

Turkish Title : Şizofreniyi anlamakta alternatif bir yaklaşım: NMDA reseptörleri aracılığı ile poliamin hipotezi

Tayfun Uzbay
JNBS, 2014, 1(3), p:72-76

DOI : 10.5455/JNBS.1406279771

The glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia based on the observations that administration of drugs that block N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors could induce schizophrenia-like symptoms. There are several evidences linking abnormal glutamatergic transmission to cognitive, negative, and positive symptoms of schizophrenia and the glutamatergic system is now a major focus for the development of new compounds in schizophrenia. The polyamines are omnipresent aliphatic molecules comprising putrescine, spermidine, spermine and agmatine. The polyamines and their biosynthetic enzymes are found throughout the body, including the central nervous system (CNS), where they display specific regional distributions in the CNS. The polyamines have an important role in the modulation of cell growth and on cell membrane functions. It was hypothesized that schizophrenia may be related to a general abnormality in neuronal membranes. Agmatine, a polyamine, selectively blocks the NMDA subclass of glutamate receptors in rat hippocampal neurons. There are also several evidences indicate that a relationship between polyamines and etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia. In this review, a new approach for understanding schizophrenia via NMDA receptors and their interaction with agmatine which is a biological active polyamine transmitter in brain is proposed.

Şizofrenide glutamat hipotezi N-metil-D-aspartat (NMDA) reseptör antagonistlerinin insanlarda ve deney hayvanlarda şizofreni semptomları oluşturmasına dayanır. Anormal glutamaterjik iletinin şizofreninin bilişsel, pozitif ve negative semptomları ile ilişkisine işaret eden birçok kanıt vardır ve glutamaterjik sistem şizofreni tedavisinde yeni ilaçların geliştirilmesi için güncel ve önemli bir odaktır. Poliaminler doğada ve canlı organizmalarda yaygın olarak bulunan putresin, spermidin, spermin ve agmatin gibi birden fazla amin içeren alifatik moleküllerdir. Poliaminler ve bunların biyosentetik enzimleri vücutta merkezi sinir sistemi de (MSS) dâhil olmak üzere yaygın olarak bulunur. Poliaminler hücre büyümesinin modülasyonu ve hücre membran işlevlerinde önemli bir role sahiptir. Şizofreninin sinir hücresi membranlarındaki genel bir anomalite ile ilişkili olduğu hipotezi ileri sürülmüştür. Bir poliamin olan agmatin sıçan hipokampal nöronlarında glutamaterjik NMDA reseptörlerini seçici bir şekilde bloke eder. Poliaminlerle şizofreni hastalığının etyopatogenezi arasında ilişkiye işaret eden çeşitli kanıtlar da mevcuttur. Bu gözden geçirme yazısında biyolojik aktif bir nörotransmitter olan agmatin ile NMDA reseptörleri arasındaki etkileşme üzerinden şizofreninin anlaşılmasına yönelik yeni bir yaklaşım ileri sürülmektedir.


Review Article

The rationale for the localization of polyamine pathway enzymes in the brain

Turkish Title : Beyindeki poliamin yolak enzimlerinin lokalizasyonunun anlamı

Gregor Laube,Hans-Gert Bernstein,Rüdiger W. Veh,Thomas Weiss
JNBS, 2014, 1(3), p:77-81

DOI : 10.5455/JNBS.1413803711

Polyamines, including spermidine, spermine, and agmatine, serve several brain-specific functions. Polyamine transport mechanisms may account for the redistribution of these organic cations, which may also be synaptically released as neuromodulators or neurotransmitters, in the brain. Therefore, the localization of polyamine pathway enzymes, in addition to the localization and functional investigation of the polyamines itself, provides valuable insights regarding the identification of cell- and region-specific roles for polyamines, notably in the context of mental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Identified neuronal circuits are subject to physiological and pharmacological investigations. With this respect, we electrophysiologically studied the cerebellar cortex and the medial habenula, showing a prominent synaptic expression of spermidine synthase and agmatinase, respectively. In both areas, the relevant polyamines clearly influence the electrical activity. The medial habenula may be involved with the aetiology of major depressive disorder. In this context, the expression of agmatinase in other brain areas, e.g. the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, possibly also involved with depression, is discussed.

Spermidin, spermin ve agmatini içeren poliaminler beyne özgü pek çok fonksiyonu çalıştırmaktadır. Poliamin dolaşım mekanizmaları, beyinde nöromodülatör ve nörotransmitterler gibi sinaptik olarak salgılanabilen bu organik katyonların yeniden dağıtımından sorumlu olabilmektedir. Bu nedenle, poliaminlerin lokalizasyon ve fonksiyon incelemesine ek olarak poliamin yolak enzimlerinin lokalizasyonu, özellikle psikolojik bozukluklar ve nörolojik dejeneratif hastalıklarda poliaminlerin hücre tanımlaması ve bölgeye özgü rolleriyle alakalı hatırı sayılır bilgiler sağlamaktadır. Belirli nöronal devreler fizyolojik ve farmakolojik araştırmalara bağlıdır. Bu çalışma kapsamında spermedin sentezi ve agmatinin belirli sinaptik ifadesini nispeten gösteren serebral korteksi ve medial habenulayı elektrofizyolojik olarak incelenmiştir. Her iki alanda da ilgili poliaminler açık bir şekilde elektriksel aktiviteyi etkilemekte ve medial habenula majör depresif rahatsızlığın etiyolojisinde yer alabilmektedir. Bu bağlamda, paraventriküler talamik nükleusu gibi beynin diğer bölümlerindeki agmatinin ifadesiyle depresyon ilişkisinin olasılığı tartışılacaktır.


Review Article

Blood injury phobia: an overview of gender specific brain differences

Turkish Title : Kan- yaralanma fobisi: cinsiyete özgü beyin farklılıklarına genel bakış

Ab Latif Wani,Anjum Ara
JNBS, 2014, 1(3), p:82-87

DOI : 10.5455/JNBS.1410375823

Blood injury injection phobia (BII) involves an intense fear of situations, in which an individual is directly or indirectly exposed to blood, injections or viewing injuries, along with a tendency to avoid these situations. BII phobia is highly prevalent in females as compared to males. It is virtually the only specific phobia and the only anxiety disorder, in which fainting occurs. Although fainting is much distressed to the BII phobic individuals, but it may have developed in the humans at the time when they needed it much as a survival mechanism. In this article we discuss how in the humans there may have developed the trait of BII phobia in the ancestors, including the variation in the symptoms among sexes. There are not studies which specifically examine the syncope related brain differences among genders. But there are other well defined studies which highlight marked differences among male and female brains. Considering this we also review some recent breakthrough discoveries showing differences in the brain of males and females at gene expression level which leads to the variation in brain and behaviour related problems among genders. There is an exigent need to understand the brain behavioral problems through multiple perspectives.

Kan-enjeksiyon- yaralanma fobisi (BII) bir bireyin direkt ya da dolaylı olarak kana, enjeksiyonlara ya da yara görmeye maruz kaldığı ve bu durumlardan kaçınma eğiliminin olduğu aşırı korku durumudur. BII fobisi erkeklere göre kadınlarda daha yaygındır. Bu fobi bayılmanın olduğu hemen hemen tek spesifik fobi ve tek kaygı bozukluğudur. Bayılma, BII fobili bireylere daha fazla endişe verse de aslında bayılma bu bireyler bir çeşit hayatta kalma mekanizmasına ihtiyaç duydukları zamanlarda da oluşabilir. Cinsiyetler arasındaki semptom farklılıklarını içeren bu makalede soylardaki BII fobisinin insanlarda nasıl oluşmuş olabileceğini tartışacağız. Cinsiyetler arasındaki beyin farklılıklarına bağlı olan bayılmayı özel olarak inceleyen çalışmalar yoktur. Fakat kadın ve erkek beyinlerindeki farklılıkları inceleyen iyi yapılmış çalışmalar mevcuttur. Bunu düşünerek cinsiyetler arasındaki problemlere bağlı olan beyin ve davranış farklılıklarına sebep olan gen ifade seviyesinde kadın ve erkek beyinlerindeki farklılıkları gösteren bazı yeni buluşları da yeniden inceleyeceğiz. Beyinin davranışsal problemlerini anlamak için çok yönlü bir perspektif zorunlu bir ihtiyaçtır.


Case Report

Rabies in India: A relook at the neglected rampant disease

Turkish Title : Hindistan’da kuduz hastalığı: ihmal edilen yaygın hastalığa yeniden bir bakış

Kalaivani Annadurai,Raja Danasekaran,Geetha Mani
JNBS, 2014, 1(3), p:88-91

DOI : 10.5455/JNBS.1408703072

Rabies is a tropical zoonotic disease, transmitted to human being by carnivorous animals. Majority of human rabies cases were reported from Asia and African countries. India recorded more deaths from rabies than any other country in the world. There is no effective treatment for rabies; it can only be prevented by vaccination. It needs multiple levels of interventions at human and animal level. World Health Organization’s target is to eliminate the disease by 2020 in endemic South-East Asian countries which include India. Key challenges in control of rabies in India are lack of intersectoral coordination, weak surveillance system on rabies, inadequate rabies research and lack of sustainability. To conclude, breaking the rabies cycle in a sustained manner is necessary to eliminate rabies from this part of the world.

Kuduz, etobur hayvanlardan insanlara geçen tropikal zoonoz bir hastalıktır. İnsanda görülen kuduz vakalarının çoğunluğunun Asya ve Afrika ülkelerinde olduğu rapor edilmiştir. Hindistan’da dünyadaki herhangi bir ülkede olandan çok daha fazla kuduz ölümü olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Kuduz için etkili bir tedavi yoktur; tedavi sadece aşı ile yapılabilmektedir. Tedavi insan ve hayvanlarda farklı seviyelerde müdahaleleri gerektirmektedir. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’nün amacı Hindistan’ı da içeren endemik Güney Doğu Asya ülkelerinde 2020 yılına kadar bu hastalığı ortadan kaldırmaktır. Hindistan’da kuduz kontrollerindeki kilit sorunlar; sektörler arası koordinasyon eksikliği, kuduz hastalığı için yapılan yetersiz denetim sistemi, yetersiz kuduz araştırması ve sürdürülebilirliğidir. Sonuç olarak, sürekli olarak kuduz döngüsünü engellemek için dünyanın bu bölgesinde kuduzu yok etmek zorunludur.


ISSN (Print) 2149-1909
ISSN (Online) 2148-4325

2020 Ağustos ayından itibaren yalnızca İngilizce yayın kabul edilmektedir.