Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is characterized by obsessive preoccupation with perceived physical
flaws, often unnoticed by others. This preoccupation causes significant emotional distress, social withdrawal,
and functional impairment. Recent advancements emphasize the importance of integrating neurobiological
and behavioral perspectives in understanding BDD. This review synthesizes findings from
neuroscience and behavioral psychology to examine the brain-behavior relationship in BDD and explores
implications for treatment strategies. A narrative synthesis of current literature, including neuroimaging,
neurochemical studies, and behavioral research, was conducted. Evidence from clinical trials on pharmacological
treatments, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and neuromodulation techniques was analyzed.
Neuroimaging studies reveal hyperactivity in the orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, and fusiform gyrus, contributing
to obsessive thoughts, heightened emotional responses, and distorted visual processing. Neurochemical
imbalances, particularly in serotonin, dopamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid systems, perpetuate
cognitive distortions and compulsive behaviors. Cognitive patterns, including selective attention to
perceived flaws, catastrophic thinking, and overestimation of others’ judgments, interact with maladaptive
behaviors such as mirror checking, avoidance, and reassurance-seeking. Integrated treatments, including
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and transcranial magnetic stimulation,
address these interconnected mechanisms effectively. BDD arises from a complex interaction between
neurobiological dysfunction, cognitive distortions, and maladaptive behaviors. Effective treatment
requires a multidisciplinary approach targeting these domains. Future research should focus on longitudinal
brain plasticity studies, sex differences, and optimized neuromodulation protocols to enhance therapeutic
outcomes and personalized interventions.