Early childhood is a vital period for brain development, characterized by rapid growth and high plasticity.
Adverse experiences during this time, such as abuse, neglect, violence, and poverty, can significantly affect
neurodevelopment and have lasting impacts on mental health and behavior. This review explores the
influence of early adversity on brain development, emphasizing key mecha-nisms and outcomes. Research
indicates that early adversity causes alterations in brain regions like the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus,
and corpus callosum, impairing cognitive functions such as learning, memory, and executive
functioning. Chronic stress disrupts the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, resulting in elevated
cortisol levels that hinder emotional regulation and heighten the risk of mental health disorders such as
depression and anxiety. Epigenetic changes show how adversity can modify gene expression, affecting
brain development without altering the DNA sequence. The repercussions of early adversity include cognitive
deficits, emotional and beha-vioral problems, and social development challenges. However, resilience
factors, including indivi-dual traits and supportive environments, can mitigate these negative impacts.
Robust study designs, such as longitudinal and multidisciplinary approaches, are crucial for understanding
the long-term effects of early adversity. Ethical considerations and precise measurement are vital for
protecting vulnerable populations. Policy implications suggest that findings should inform child welfare,
edu-cation, and mental health policies, focusing on early identification and intervention. Practitioners
should adopt trauma-informed approaches, implement early intervention programs, and support parents
and caregivers. Addressing early childhood adversity is crucial for promoting healthy neu-rodevelopment
and well-being. Comprehensive interventions can reduce adverse effects, support healthy development,
and contribute to a resilient society.