Dear Editor, Nightmare disorder is a mental health condition characterized by repeated occurrences of extended, well-remembered, dysphoric dreams, often involving themes of threat, that result in awakening from sleep and significant distress and impairment1 . A typical sleep occurs in two phases namely rapid eye movement stage (REM) and nonrapid eye movement stage (NREM), nightmares usually occur during REM stage of sleep cycle when brain activity nears the level of that when an individual is awake causing the experience to feel real. Research points to factors such as traumatic experiences, childhood adversities, suppression of thoughts, maladaptive beliefs, other medical conditions such as sleep apnea2. Though research points to multiple reasons for occurrence of nightmares, Spoormaker’s cognitive model explains persistence of nightmares due to formation of nightmare scripts, the repeated elements in nightmares form structures patterns in dreamers experience. The scripts contain specific expected responses that get activated to dream elements, the cycle continues even after the original stressor fades

Dear Editor,
Infertility in women is defined as the inability
to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected
sexual activity 1 .While technological advancements
offer various medical interventions for
treatment, infertility can stem from issues with
ovulation, the uterus, fallopian tubes, or abdominal
factors. Sometimes, the cause remains
elusive despite thorough testing. However, infertility
isn’t solely a biological issue; adverse
childhood experiences (ACE) also play a role.
ACE encompass stressful or traumatic events
during the first 18 years of life, such as domestic
violence, substance abuse, parental mental
illness, divorce, or incarceration, which can impact
fertility beyond mere physiological factors.

The aim of this case report is to highlight the varied presentation of neurological disorders and the need
for detailed evalution of the acute manisfestations of psychiatric symptoms. We report the case of a 17 year
old boy presenting with complaints of acute onset of behavioural symptoms. We have briefly reviewed and
discussed the clinical , diagnostic aspects of schmahmanns syndrome and therapeutic aspects of behavioural
symptoms in dandy walkers malformation.

Aim: The study's long-term goals, such as determining supratherapeutic ranges according to age distributions
specific to the country, adjusting dosages for additional drugs used by patients in different disease
groups, and providing the opportunity for etiological studies in the light of diagnosis and drug metabolism
perspective, are of great importance in defining the study. Method: Population pharmacokinetics is a
method expressed to evaluate processes such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of a
drug from an individual's blood-plasma concentration. In drug pharmacokinetic experiments, generating
data without considering any pharmacokinetic differences among patients prevents the measurement or
observation of variability among individuals in the population as a simple approach. The dose-concentration
relationship is crucial for individualized dose adjustment. Additionally, the impact of other drugs used
by the individual on metabolite levels and the metabolic interactions between drugs play a critical role in
the development of personalized treatments. Population approaches provide a foundation that benefits the
observation of these effects. The variability in drug metabolism among individuals forms one of the fundamental
building blocks of personalized treatment approaches, specifically through Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
(TDM), which plays an important role in determining the therapeutic range of drugs. Materials:
In this study, drug metabolism findings of patients served at NP Istanbul Brain Hospital between 2010 and
2022 were examined within the repository created along with other patient-specific parameters. Results
and Conclusion: The analysis results have been followed up longitudinally, partially demographically,
and retrospectively. Thanks to the repository of NP Istanbul Brain Hospital, population pharmacokinetic
analyses aimed in this study are being conducted for the first time globally and nationally in terms of
scope. The repository has been studied with TDM for individualized treatment methods, and within this
project, it is anticipated to perform phenotyping with the population pharmacokinetic approach.

Background: Lead acetate (Pb) exposure during frontal cortex development is associated with developmental
toxicity later in life, causing both morphological and functional alterations. Curcuma longa,
however, has been suggested to possess neuroprotective qualities that could lessen these adverse effects.
Objective: Assessed the frontal cortex following treatment with Curcuma longa. Materials and Methods:
Twenty adult female Wistar rats and ten adult male Wistar rats were matched during the proestrous phase
of the estrous cycle in order to mate and create five groups of six (n=6) in a 4:2 (4 females to 2 males)
ratio. Gestational day 0 was marked as the confirmation of pregnancy based on if sperm is present and a
vaginal plug in the vaginal smear. Four (n=4) pregnant Wistar rats were put together. Group 1 (control) rats
were given 2 milliliters per kilogram of distilled water. Pb was given at a dose of 120 mg/kg to Group 2.
Group 3 rats were given 120 mg/kg of lead and 100 mg/kg of vitamin C. The animals in Group 4 received
750 mg/kg of Curcuma longa and 120 mg/kg of Pb. The animals in Group 5 rats were given 1500 mg/kg
of Curcuma longa and 120 mg/kg of Pb. From gestational day 7 to day 21 (14 days), the medication was
administered orally. The animals were allowed to litter naturally. At postnatal day (PND) 1, some pups
were euthanized using chloroform inhalation and their brains were harvested for Oxidative stress markers,
histology, histochemical assessments. While some pups were kept for Cliff avoidance test at PND 4-7.
Results: The study found that lead acetate (Pb) exposure during gestation significantly decreased the mean
turning latency in the cliff avoidance test and increased lipid peroxidation (MDA) levels, while decreasing
antioxidant enzyme levels (SOD, CAT, GSH) compared to the control group. These neurological and oxidative
changes were mitigated by co-administration of Curcuma longa, with a notable improvement in the
cliff avoidance test performance and restoration of the altered histological and histochemical markers. The
results suggest that Curcuma longa, a natural antioxidant, has neuroprotective properties that can counteract
the adverse effects of lead toxicity during gestational development. Conclusion: N-Butanol Fraction
of Curcuma Longa ameliorated lead-induced neurotoxicity in rat pups.