Muscle dysmorphia (MD) is a subtype of body dysmorphic disorder characterized by an obsessive
belief that one’s body is insufficiently muscular. This review provides a comprehensive examination of
the addiction cycle in MD, particularly in the context of anabolic steroid and performance‑enhancing
drug (PED) use. Utilizing a systematic search across databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus,
and Web of Science, the review draws on peer‑reviewed literature published in the past two decades
to uncover the roles of hormonal and neural alterations in perpetuating this cycle. Inclusion and
exclusion criteria were meticulously applied to ensure a robust analysis of relevant studies. The
article details the interaction between exogenous hormonal supplementation from steroids and PEDs
and brain receptors, which significantly disrupt neurotransmitter systems and affect mood, cognition,
and stress responses. The synthesis of data reveals that hormonal imbalances due to substance abuse
lead to profound changes in brain plasticity and function, instigating psychiatric disorders and
complicating withdrawal and treatment. Therapeutic strategies are critically assessed, with emphasis
on the success of cognitive‑behavioral therapy, the role of pharmacological management, and the
promise of emerging treatments targeting neuroendocrine disruptions. The review suggests an
integrated, holistic treatment model that includes hormonal therapy and neurological considerations,
underscoring the importance of personalized and sustained interventions. In conclusion, the intricate
cycle of addiction in MD, fueled by the hormonal effects of steroids and PEDs on the brain, calls for
an integrated approach to treatment. Future research should focus on the neuroendocrine impact of
these substances to refine therapeutic strategies for MD.

Aim: Emergentism as an ontology of consciousness leaves unanswered the question as to its
mechanism. I aim to solve the body–mind problem by explaining how conscious organisms
emerged on an evolutionary basis at various times in accordance with an accepted scientific
principle through a mechanism that cannot be understood, in principle. Proposal: The reason for
this cloak of secrecy is found in a seeming contradiction in the behavior of information with respect
to the first two laws of thermodynamics. Information, the microstate of particles within an isolated
system’s macrostate, can, like first‑law energy, be neither created nor destroyed, yet the information
in the system, like second‑law entropy, will inevitably increase. To explain information increasing
without being created, Laplace’s demon is invoked, able to predict where each particle is destined.
This doesn’t work for emerging events like consciousness, which are unpredictable. This can be
understood in terms of the derivation of entropy, and the emergence of classical physics, from the
Relativistic Transactional Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. I propose that the increased entropy
in a time‑irreversible, unpredictable (emergent) isolated system requires the simultaneous deletion
of information concerning the steps, or calculations, involved. Conclusion: Thus, the steps leading
to consciousness are immediately destroyed and must remain a mystery. Implications include that
entropy, not panpsychism, is the universal principle generative of consciousness, that our being
conscious proves that we are not predetermined, and that consciousness requires assuming an
“entropy debt” that can only be repaid by living organisms, prohibiting the emergence of conscious
machines.

Background: Epilepsy is a neurological illness that disturbs the central nervous system and is
characterized by regular convulsions. Over 70 million people worldwide are thought to have
epilepsy, with the prevalence rate estimated to be around 1%. Aims: The objective of this study
was to assess antiepileptic activities and histological changes after Mentat administration in the
hippocampus of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)‑induced seizure mice. Materials and Methods: Twenty
Swiss albino mice (18–28 g) were divided into four groups (n = 5) and were given the following
intraperitoneally, 2 ml/kg distilled water and 50 mg/kg PTZ to Groups 1 and 2 animals, respectively.
Groups 3 and 4 animals were given 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of Mentat, respectively, 1 h before
the administration of PTZ and were observed for 300 s. After the experiment, all surviving animals
in the various groups were humanely sacrificed and the brains were harvested and preserved in
10% buffered formalin. The brain tissues were processed using routine histological procedures
and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results: Results of this revealed that Mentat was able to
delay the onset time of seizure and offered quantal protection to the animals. Mentat also showed
a dose‑dependent ameliorative effect against histological changes following PTZ administration in
mice. Conclusion: Mentat attenuates PTZ‑induced seizure in mice.

Klüver–Bucy syndrome (KBS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder secondary to temporal lobe damage.
This can be associated with various causes. This syndrome is rarely caused by stroke. We describe the
case of a KBS, admitted to the neurology department of the military hospital of Agadir, in September
2022 secondary to ischemic stroke in middle cerebral artery territory. The patient presented most of the
clinical features of KBS. These neurobehavioral manifestations improved after the start of treatment.

Dear Editor,
Children living with autism spectrum disorder (ClwASD)
face challenges in social interactions and communication
across different settings (classroom, playground,
and home) due to socioemotional challenges.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders – 5th Edition mentions deficits in conversations
involving expressive and receptive language for these
children due to abnormal social approaches such as sharing
of reduced interests, affect, pace of communication, social
skill deficits, and emotions.[1]
Lack of facial expressions and poor eye contact
make it nonverbally hard for ClwASD to participate
in communication in social situations. The ability to
integrate body language and gestures with communication
is essentially challenging for most of these children.
Misinterpretation of social cues and language hinders
comprehension of jokes, humors, and metaphors; ClwASD
face challenges in responding to peers and adults by
understanding their emotions and feelings. Many etiologies
are identified for causing ASD, and the spectrum also
encompasses a wide range of intellectual functioning
abilities beyond the neurophysiological changes in the brain.